มีภาษาไทยแล้วต้องหาภาษาอังกฤษมาลงด้วยสิค่ะ เผื่อบางคนจะได้อ่านออก แล้วก้อแปลเป็นไทยเอาเองนะค่ะ ยาวมากเลย

Reductil (sibutramine)

 

How does it work?

Reductil capsules contain the active ingredient sibutramine hydrochloride monohydrate, which is a type of anti-obesity medicine. It works by affecting neurotransmitters in the brain.

Neurotransmitters are natural body chemicals that are stored in nerve cells and are involved in transmitting messages between the nerve cells. They are released from nerve cells as a message is transmitted. Once the message has been transmitted, the nerve cells then reabsorb the neurotransmitter.

Sibutramine prevents two of these neurotransmitters, noradrenaline and serotonin, from being reabsorbed back into the nerve cells. Noradrenaline and serotonin are responsible for moderating mood and various other processes in the brain.

It is thought that sibutramine helps people to lose weight by increasing the amount of noradrenaline and serotonin free to act in the brain. This enhances the feeling of fulfillment from eating, and so makes you feel satisfied after eating less food.

You will need to continue with an appropriate diet and exercise programme while taking this medicine, so that you are able to maintain your new weight after you have stopped treatment. Your doctor should give you advice to assist you with this.

What is it used for?

·  Obesity

Reductil is only licensed to aid weight loss in people with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher, and people with a BMI of 27 or higher who also have other obesity related risk factors, such as type 2 diabetes or high cholesterol. It is only prescribed to people in these categories who have had difficulty achieving or maintaining weight loss of more than five per cent of their body weight over three months, using conventional weight loss programmes alone (eg diet and exercise).

Warning!

·  Reductil capsules should be swallowed whole with a drink in the morning. They can be taken with or without food.

·  This medicine may reduce your ability to drive or operate machinery safely. Do not drive or operate machinery until you know how this medicine affects you and you are sure it won't affect your performance.

·  You should change your lifestyle in terms of eating habits and physical activity while taking this medicine, so that you are able to maintain your new weight after you have stopped treatment. Your doctor should advise you on the changes you need to make and continue to monitor your weight after you stop treatment. If you don't change your lifestyle you may regain the weight you have lost.

·  Your weight should be monitored while you are taking this medicine. If you are not responding adequately to this medicine, ie if you have not lost at least five per cent of your body weight within three months, or if you put on more than 3kg at any stage after previously losing weight, you will need to stop taking this medicine. This medicine should not be taken for longer than one year.

·  Your blood pressure and pulse rate should be monitored while you are taking this medication; every two weeks for the first three months, then once a month for the next three months, then regularly at maximum intervals of three months after that. Your doctor may ask you to stop taking this medicine if your blood pressure or pulse rate increase too much.

·  Consult your doctor if you experience shortness of breath, chest pain or ankle swelling while taking this medicine.

·  If you experience any mood changes, depression, or distressing thoughts or feelings while taking this medicine then it is very important to talk to your doctor.

·  This medicine may be harmful to an unborn baby. Women who could get pregnant should use a reliable method of contraception to prevent pregnancy while using this medicine.

Use with caution in

·  Mild to moderately decreased kidney function

·  Mild to moderately decreased liver function

·  High blood pressure

·  Epilepsy

·  Open angle glaucoma

·  Family history of glaucoma

·  Family history of involuntary, recurrent muscle twitches or vocalisations (motor or verbal tics)

·  History of depression

·  People at increased risk of bleeding

·  People taking medicine to prevent blood clotting (anticoagulants, eg warfarin)

·  Syndrome involving short spells when breathing stops during sleep.

Not to be used in

·  People over 65 years of age

·  Children and adolescents under 18 years of age

·  Obesity caused by a medical condition

·  Severely decreased kidney function

·  Severely decreased liver function

·  Uncontrolled high blood pressure

·  History of coronary artery disease

·  History of heart failure

·  History of increased heart rate (tachycardia)

·  History of irregular heart beats (arrhythmias)

·  History of stroke or small temporary strokes

·  History of blocked arteries in the extremities

·  Closed angle glaucoma

·  Overactive thyroid gland

·  Tumour of the adrenal gland (phaeochromocytoma)

·  Urinary retention caused by an enlarged prostate gland

·  Psychiatric illness

·  Syndrome characterised by involuntary repetition of speech, particularly obscene or vulgar words (Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome)

·  History of anorexia nervosa

·  History of bulimia nervosa

·  History of drug, alcohol or medication dependence or abuse

·  People who have taken antidepressant, antipsychotic or appetite suppressant medicines, or tryptophan to aid sleep, in the last 14 days

·  Pregnancy

·  Breastfeeding

·  Rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption (Reductil capsules contain lactose).

This medicine should not be used if you are allergic to one or any of its ingredients. Please inform your doctor or pharmacist if you have previously experienced such an allergy. If you feel you have experienced an allergic reaction, stop using this medicine and inform your doctor or pharmacist immediately.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Certain medicines should not be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding. However, other medicines may be safely used in pregnancy or breastfeeding providing the benefits to the mother outweigh the risks to the unborn baby. Always inform your doctor if you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, before using any medicine.

·  This medicine must not be used during pregnancy. Women who could get pregnant should use an effective method of contraception to prevent pregnancy while taking this medicine. Seek further medical advice from your doctor. If you do get pregnant during treatment, stop taking this medicine and consult your doctor immediately.

·  It is not known if this medicine passes into breast milk. For this reason, the manufacturer states that it should not be used by women who are breastfeeding. Seek medical advice from your doctor.

Side effects

Medicines and their possible side effects can affect individual people in different ways. The following are some of the side effects that are known to be associated with this medicine. Because a side effect is stated here, it does not mean that all people using this medicine will experience that or any side effect.

·  Dry mouth

·  Difficulty in sleeping (insomnia)

·  Disturbances of the gut such as diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain

·  Headache

·  Pins and needles (paraesthesia)

·  Lightheadedness

·  Anxiety

·  Sweating

·  Alteration in taste

·  Aggravation of haemorrhoids

·  Hot flushes

·  Awareness of your heartbeat (palpitations)

·  Increased heart rate (tachycardia)

·  Raised blood pressure (hypertension)

·  Depression

·  Menstrual cycle disorders

·  Impotence

·  Seizures

·  Decrease in the number of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia)

·  Kidney disorders

The side effects listed above may not include all of the side effects reported by the drug's manufacturer. For more information about any other possible risks associated with this medicine, please read the information provided with the medicine or consult your doctor or pharmacist.

  I 've been travel by flight when I was 8 -9 week for 4 time I know it not be safe for first trimester but it better than I travel by bus because I use time only 45 minute If I travel by bus use time 8-10 hrs.Because my work make be travel that time and no someone can do and help me.Next time  I would like to flight again but it is long flight for travel because use time about 12-16 hrs.I know it not good for my baby so I wait for my baby strong and safe period .I find out about knowlage from internet and I think I should to do this for my baby.

Spotting during pregnancy

I had problem about spotting last week and I try to find out cause but didn't know what wrong of me.I met doctor for ultrasound to check my baby and I feel happy that my baby still fine.At frist I asked my doctor about spotting ,he told me can have spotting in first trimester and should to rest after spotting stop about 3 days.I felt abit bored becasue off work 1 weeks and can't lift heavy thing But i feel happy also because today my spotting gone now .Spotting is light bleeding similar to your period and it can happen at any time during pregnancy, but it is most common during the first trimester. Although chances are that it is nothing, the odds of possible complications should be ruled out. Some women complain of lower back pain or stomach pain accompanying spotting. About 20 percent of women experience some vaginal spotting or bleeding during the first trimester of pregnancy. It is not necessarily cause for alarm;

for example, light bleeding around a week to 10 days after conception can be brought on by the implantation of the egg in the lining of the uterus. However, because bleeding is the most common warning sign of impending miscarriage, any sign of spotting or bleeding should be reported to your healthcare provider immediately.

Spotting is when a bit of blood is passed through the vagina. Normally it doesn't reach the underwear, but rather is swiped with toilet paper after a bowel movement or urination. The blood can be pink-tinged mucus, rusty brown or bright red. Spotting can be a one-time occurrence, or it can last for several hours or even several days.

Normal spotting is what may occur at the very end of your bleeding days. A day or two of spotting after 3 to 5 days of “bleeding” is normal, and just the end of the bleeding period. Spotting that occurs in the middle of your cycle or spotting that occurs some ten to fourteen days prior to the start of the next cycle is normal too. This spotting may occur during ovulation. Seeing a spot of blood during ovulation is considered an excellent fertility sign. It is thought that mid-cycle spotting occurs for one of two reasons. First reason is possibly that when the egg bursts through the follicle, a little bleeding may occur. This blood will then make its way out and show up as “spotting”. Or, during ovulation, the level of estrogens rise, and this sometimes prompts the uterus to shed a bit of lining, which shows up in the form of “spotting.” Spotting that occurs about a week before the cycle is due – and only lasts for less than one day – is possibly considered implantation spotting. This happens as a result of the fertilized egg burrowing into the uterine lining. Or another reason for seeing implantation spotting may be due to a slight rise in estrogen and drop in progesterone before the corpus luteum takes over the production of progesterone. The corpus luteum takes over the production when the implanted fertilized egg signals the body that pregnancy has occurred and that the lining must be maintained. Keep in mind that spotting that continues for days is not implantation spotting.

Abnormal spotting shows up at times other than the above mentioned times. Abnormal spotting lasts for days. It's abnormal to spot days before your menstrual cycle is due. The causes of abnormal spotting vary. One common cause of spotting several days before the menstrual cycle is due is low progesterone. It's the hormone progesterone that helps to maintain the uterine lining for pregnancy and when progesterone level drops, the menstrual cycle occurs. In women who are deficient in progesterone, they will see spotting several days to a week before their cycle is due. This can also cause minor infertility and early miscarriag. Another reason spotting may occur could be uterine fibroids, which are fairly harmless, but need to be kept an eye on. Endometriosis, birth control pills are a few other reasons spotting may occur. The most harmful reasons for spotting are possible sexually transmitted diseases and some cancers.

In the early stages of pregnancy spotting can occur when the fertilised egg has attached itself to the wall of the uterus. A vaginal infection can also lead to spotting. Spotting can be an early sign of pregnancy, which is why you should not ignore it. Certain infections, like Chlamydia can result in spotting. After 37 weeks spotting can be a sign that the cervix has started to soften. Spotting can be a sign of premature labour or the separation of the placenta from the uterus. Although the above are possible causes, some women have experienced unexplained spotting, usually with no complications. See your doctor or gynae as soon as possible, even if just to get reassurance that everything is alright.  

Your Body Now: You're at higher risk of developing certain complications, but the majority of healthy women still have uneventful pregnancies at this age. Here are the facts:

• Your risk of gestational diabetes and preeclampsia is higher now, as are the chances of having a baby with Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormalities. "By age 35, the risk of chromosomal abnormalities is about one in 200, which is roughly the same risk as having a miscarriage from an amniocentesis,"  That's why many doctors only offer amniocentesis to women over 35.
  
  
• Women in their thirties are more likely than younger women to conceive multiples spontaneously. If you used fertility treatments, you're also more likely to have multiples than women who conceived naturally.
  
  
• You're also more likely to have a C-section. Why? One theory: "When a woman is in her twenties, doctors tend to be more patient with a vaginal delivery and less inclined to do surgery,"

Your Mind Now: Many women in their thirties feel more psychologically ready for motherhood.

• If it's your first baby, you've had time for yourself and your marriage, and you've accomplished some professional goals. This may give you peace of mind if you want to take a break to spend time with your baby.
  
  
• You're likely to know other pregnant women, so finding a support system shouldn't be a problem.
  
  
• Your marriage is probably on solid footing since you're older and more confident in yourself and in your relationship

 Today I having lots of problems with heartburn that is not cleared up or helped significantly by these measures I  talk to your my doctor about other suggestions. And I have take Aluminium Hydroxide compressed gel for releif heartburn due to the gastric herperacidity but not feel better now so I take time for releife pain.There are also other over the counter products as well as prescription medications that can sometimes be used.

 

Heartburn may be a fact of pregnancy for many pregnant women. This is usually experienced as a burning sensation in the upper esophagus or near the back of the throat. It is caused by stomach acids heading the wrong direction.

 getting pregnant

Ultrasound is a technique that uses sound waves to show a picture of a baby (fetus) in the uterus. Because it uses sound waves instead of radiation, ultrasound is safer than X-rays. Ultrasound provides important information about the health of the fetus and conditions in the uterus. This information can guide a health care provider’s plans for a pregnant woman and improve the outcome of pregnancy.

How does ultrasound work?
Ultrasound works by bouncing sound waves off the developing fetus. Echoes from the waves are analyzed by computer to produce a moving or still picture, called a sonogram, on a screen. The technique is also called sonography.

How is ultrasound performed?
Two common forms of ultrasound used in pregnancy are:

• Transabdominal
• Transvaginal

In a transabdominal ultrasound exam, the health care provider or medical technician moves a handheld device, called a transducer, along the pregnant woman's abdomen. The transducer sends sound waves into the woman’s uterus and also detects the echoes from those waves, which it then converts into electrical signals. The computer then assembles these signals into a picture. To get a clearer picture, the provider or technician covers the woman’s abdomen with a thin layer of gel, which helps improve the transmission of sound waves. The woman also may be asked to have a full bladder during the test. The exam is painless, but many women find having a full bladder uncomfortable.

In transvaginal ultrasound, the provider or technician inserts a probe into the vagina. During the test, the woman lies on her back with her feet in stirrups. This form of ultrasound may be recommended if ultrasound is needed very early in pregnancy because in early pregnancy, the uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes are closer to the vagina than to the surface of the abdomen. In some cases, the provider may place the probe at the opening of the vagina, called translabial ultrasound. Both of these techniques can be used throughout pregnancy to allow a closer look at the cervix and lower uterus.

What does an ultrasound examination include?
A standard ultrasound (sometimes called a basic or level I) exam in the first trimester may take 15 to 20 minutes. This exam checks:

• The number and location of the gestational sacs that contain the embryo
• The size and age of the embryo(s)
• Embryonic heart activity
• The condition of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries

A standard ultrasound exam in the second or third trimesters checks:

• Age and size of the fetus
• The number of fetuses
• Location of the placenta
• Fetal heartbeat
• Amount of amniotic fluid
• Basic fetal anatomy, including the brain, spine, stomach, kidneys, bladder and all four chambers of the heart

If the provider suspects any birth defects, he or she will refer a woman for a more detailed exam called a targeted or comprehensive (sometimes called level II) exam, which may use more sophisticated ultrasound equipment. This exam can take anywhere from 30 minutes to several hours.

Do all pregnant women have an ultrasound examination?
Today, about 65 percent of pregnant women have an ultrasound examination (1). Many health care providers routinely offer low-risk women one ultrasound exam between 16 and 20 weeks of pregnancy. However, it is uncertain whether low-risk pregnant women benefit from routine ultrasound exams. A major study reported in 1993 found no significant difference between two groups of low-risk women (those who had two routine ultrasound exams and those who had an ultrasound only because there was some medical reason for it) in terms of the rate of preterm delivery, infant birthweight, serious complications in the newborn period or infant death (2).

Some providers recommend a routine ultrasound examination at 16-20 weeks of gestation for all pregnant women performed by a skilled provider to look for fetal birth defects (3). A recent Institute of Medicine report encourages wider use of ultrasound before 20 weeks of pregnancy to more accurately establish gestational age, as a step toward learning more about the causes of preterm birth (before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy) (4).  
 
What are the medical reasons for an ultrasound exam during pregnancy?
Ultrasounds are performed to identify specific conditions, such as:

• Suspected ectopic pregnancy: Ultrasound may be used to diagnose a pregnancy that is located in a fallopian tube or the abdomen instead of in the uterus.
• Possible miscarriage: If there is bleeding in early pregnancy, or if the fetal heartbeat or movement seems to have stopped, ultrasound can help determine if the fetus has died and if the woman will miscarry.
• Presence of more than one baby.
• Age of the fetus: The size of the fetus, measured using ultrasound, helps health care providers estimate the due date. This is most accurate in the first half of pregnancy.
• Certain birth defects: Ultrasound can be used to diagnose certain birth defects such as spina bifida. If the targeted (level II) ultrasound detects an abnormality in the development of the fetus, the health care provider may refer a woman to a medical center that specializes in more extensive ultrasound evaluation. A variety of sophisticated examinations can help determine the nature of the problem and what options may be available.
• Screening for Down syndrome: Recent studies suggest that a first-trimester ultrasound examination, combined with maternal blood screening, is as accurate as the traditional second-trimester blood test in screening for Down syndrome and certain other chromosomal birth defects (5, 6)). The ultrasound examination looks for a thickening of skin behind the fetal neck, called nuchal translucency, which sometimes occurs in Down syndrome. The American College of Obstetricians now recommends that all pregnant women be offered a screening test for Down syndrome (6).
• Fetal growth: If the uterus appears to be growing too quickly or too slowly, ultrasound can help determine whether the fetus has a growth problem or whether uterine size is related to too much or too little amniotic fluid or some other cause. Sometimes the provider recommends repeated ultrasound examinations to monitor fetal growth.
• Cause of second- or third-trimester bleeding: Such bleeding often is caused by placental problems, which may require special care and cesarean delivery.
• Fetal well-being late in pregnancy: Ultrasound and other tests (such as fetal heart rate monitoring) are used to monitor the health of the fetus during the last trimester of pregnancy (or sometimes sooner) in high-risk pregnancies. One or more ultrasounds may be recommended if the mother has a chronic health condition such as diabetes or high blood   pressure or if the baby appears to be growing too slowly. In some cases, the baby may benefit from early delivery.
• Guiding other tests: Providers use ultrasound to guide them in performing certain diagnostic tests, including amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS).
• Determining fetal position around time of delivery: A  cesarean delivery may be needed if the baby is in an abnormal position.

Are there other types of ultrasound?
A form of ultrasound called Doppler can be used in late pregnancy to monitor fetal well-being in high-risk pregnancies. In this test, the provider uses a handheld transducer to measure the blood flow in the umbilical cord and certain fetal blood vessels. This test helps providers determine whether the fetus is getting enough oxygen.

Some medical centers also use Doppler ultrasound to monitor mothers with Rh alloimmunization (7). Rh alloimmunization is an incompatibility between the blood of the mother and fetus that can cause a dangerous form of anemia in the fetus. With early detection and treatment, sometimes including early delivery or blood transfusions before birth, most affected babies survive.

New ultrasound equipment that shows a three-dimensional still view (3-D ultrasound) of the fetus is now available in some medical centers and obstetricians’ offices. The 3-D ultrasound is almost as detailed as a photograph and may be used when birth defects are suspected. A moving-picture version of this technology is called 4-D ultrasound. Some providers give parents these images that were taken as part of a medically indicated ultrasound examination. However, commercial sites, often unsupervised by physicians, offer “keepsake” fetal images to parents. ACOG, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine discourage the use of these non-medical ultrasound exams because the individuals conducting them may not have adequate training and may give a woman inaccurate or even harmful information (8, 9). It also is not known whether inappropriate use of ultrasound could pose a risk to the fetus.

Is ultrasound safe?
Ultrasound is considered safe for mother and baby when properly used by medical professionals. Health care providers have used ultrasound for more than 30 years, and they have identified no risks.

Are there any drawbacks to a routine ultrasound exam?
In low-risk women, ultrasound is good at ruling out problems, but not as good at detecting them. Studies suggest that a routine ultrasound exam detects between 16 and 85 percent of all structural birth defects (1). Ultrasound appears most accurate when done by an experienced examiner at a major medical center.

Besides missing some birth defects, a routine ultrasound exam occasionally can suggest that a birth defect is present when none exists. While follow-up exams often show that the baby is healthy, such false alarms can cause intense worry for parents.

Can problems diagnosed by ultrasound be treated?
Information obtained by ultrasound often is used to alter prenatal care to improve a woman’s chances of delivering a healthy baby. For example, a life-threatening fetal heart-rhythm disturbance diagnosed by ultrasound may be treated with medication while the baby is still in the uterus. The presence of certain birth defects, abnormalities of the placenta, or breech (foot-first) position may mean that a cesarean delivery could be safer for mother and baby. For babies who are suspected of having problems caused by decreased levels of oxygen, early delivery can be lifesaving. 

Are there other ways to reduce the risk of birth defects?
Ultrasound and other prenatal tests can let a woman know if her baby has certain birth defects or other special risks. Knowing about the problems before birth provides time to plan the baby's treatment. There are some basic things all women can do to reduce their childbearing risks and increase their chances for a healthy pregnancy and a healthy baby:

• Plan for pregnancy by seeing a health care provider before you conceive.
• Take a multivitamin containing 400 micrograms of the B vitamin folic acid daily starting before pregnancy and during early pregnancy to help prevent serious birth defects of the spinal cord and brain.
• Get early and regular prenatal care.
• Eat a variety of nutritious foods, including foods that are fortified with folic acid and foods that contain folate, the natural form of folic acid found in foods. Many grain products, including flour, rice, pasta, bread and cereals, are fortified with folic acid. Folate-rich foods include green leafy vegetables, dried beans, legumes, oranges and orange juice. 
• Begin pregnancy at a healthy weight (not too heavy or too thin), and gain the recommended amount of weight during pregnancy (25 to 35 pounds for women who begin pregnancy at a normal weight).
• Don’t drink alcohol during pregnancy.
• Don’t smoke during pregnancy and avoid secondhand smoke.
• Don’t use any drug, even over-the-counter or herbal medications, unless recommended by a health care provider who knows you are pregnant.
• Don’t eat undercooked meat or change a cat’s litter box. Both can cause a parasitic infection called toxoplasmosis that can cause birth defects in the baby.

You also may wish to read March of Dimes fact sheets on:

• Amniocentesis ]
• Chorionic villus sampling
• Maternal blood screening
• Genetic counseling

References
1. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Ultrasonography in Pregnancy. ACOG Practice Bulletin, number 58, December 2004.

2. Ewigman, B.G., et al. Effect of Prenatal Ultrasound Screening on Perinatal Outcome. The New England Journal of Medicine, volume 329, number 12, September 16, 1993, pages 821-827.

3. Levi, S. Ultrasound in Prenatal Diagnosis: Polemics Around Routine Screening for Second Trimester Fetal Malformations. Prenatal Diagnosis, volume 22, 2002, pages 285-295.

4. Institute of Medicine. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC, National Academies Press, July 13, 2006.

5. Reddy, U.M., Mennuti, M. Incorporating First-Trimester Down Syndrome Studies into Prenatal Screening. Obstetrics and Gynecology, volume 107, number 1, January 2006, pages 167-173.

6. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Screening for Fetal Chromosomal Abnormalities. ACOG Practice Bulletin, number 77, January 2007.

7. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Management of Alloimmunization During Pregnancy. ACOG Practice Bulletin, number 75, August 2006.

8. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Nonmedical Use of Obstetric Ultrasonography. ACOG Committee Opinion, number 297, August 2004.

9. American Institute of Ultrasound Medicine. Keepsake Fetal Imaging. Updated 6/22/05.

January 2007

Breast Changes During Pregnancy

What's the Real Scoop on Caffeine During Pregnancy

Benefits of the Relaxation Music

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Relaxation music is used to promote wellness, manage stress, and express feelings and emotions. It can be a great way to relax yourself when you are feeling anxious and stressed. You can also listen to it before your bedtime to help you relax and fall asleep.

Research shows many benefits to listening to relaxation music while you are pregnant.

It can help you to:

• Relax
• Feel better about yourself
• Listen to your body
• Prepare for delivery
• Help you deal with your fears regarding pregnancy and labor
• Elevate your mood
• Reduce stress and anxiety

Many studies have proven that the unborn child benefits from the music while still in the womb. You can have the music in the background or you can put headphones to your stomach so that your baby will enjoy it.

Mothers that listen to relaxation music while pregnant have children that feel more confident, calmer and happier after they are born. You share an emotional bond with your unborn baby. So if you feel happy, relaxed and secure, this feeling will pass on to your baby.

If you listen to music during childbirth, it can relieve your anxiety.
You should also play the music after your child is born. Little children show to fall asleep faster when there is relaxation music in the background.

Hope you and your loved ones enjoy this beautiful music selection!

Sleeping for Two
-- By Nicole Nichols, Fitness Instructor & Health Educator
University of California, San Francisco, researchers recently put a numerical value on the importance of sleep during pregnancy. They found that women in late pregnancy who sleep less have longer labors, compared to those who sleep more. In the study, pregnant women who got less than 6 hours of sleep nightly spent an average of 29 hours in labor, compared to moms-to-be who got 7 or more hours of shut-eye and only labored for 17.5 hours on average. Moreover, the moms who slept the least (less than 6 hours) were also 4.5 times more likely to have a cesarean delivery.

BabyFit Tip: Disrupted sleep is a common complaint among pregnant women. If you experience sleep disturbances several nights a week, discuss your concern with your health care provider. To ensure you're getting plenty of sleep, spend more time in bed. Study participants who spent the least amount of time in bed (going to bed later, etc.) slept less, likely because they limited their sleeping opportunities. Take advantage of naps, early bedtimes, and other lifestyle factors that will help you sleep more soundly, including exercise and relaxation techniques.

The condom can be put on a man's penis as part of lovemaking

• • Unwrap the condom carefully to avoid poking tiny holes in it with your fingernails.
  • Put the condom on as soon as your penis is hard (erect), before you enter your partner.
  • Pull down the loose skin from the head of the penis, if you have not been circumcised.
  • Hold the tip of the condom and squeeze out the air. This leaves room for the semen when you ejaculate. Also, the condom is less likely to break if all the air has been squeezed out.
  • Keep holding the tip of the condom. Unroll it onto the erect penis, all the way down to the pubic hair.
  • Insert spermicide into the woman's vagina before intercourse begins.
  • Use a lubricant on the outside of the condom once it is on completely. Use lubricants like Astroglide, Slippery Stuff, or K-Y Jelly, which do not contain oil. Never use Vaseline, grease, hand lotion, baby oil, or anything else with oil in it. Oil can weaken latex rubber and cause the condom to break and may irritate your partner's vagina. Read the label to be sure that a lubricant does not have oil in it.
  • Press on the bottom of the condom (by the hairline) after you ejaculate and pull out while your penis is still hard. This will keep semen from spilling out of the condom.
  • Take the condom off and throw it away. Use a new condom each time you have sexual intercourse, oral sex, or anal sex.
  • Wash your hands after handling a used condom.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

also referred to as sexually transmitted infections (STIs)—are those spread by sexual contact. They may also be spread from a pregnant woman to her fetus before or during delivery.Exposure to an STD can occur anytime a person has sex or close contact that involves the genitals, the mouth, or the rectum with another person, but exposure is more likely if a person has many sex partners or does not use condoms. STDs can be prevented by not having sexual contact (abstinence).

STDs include:

• Chlamydia.
• Genital herpes.
• Genital warts or human papillomavirus (HPV). Certain types of HPV can cause cancer of the cervix in women.
• Gonorrhea.
• Hepatitis B.
• Syphilis.
• Trichomoniasis.
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS.
• Other infections that may be sexually transmitted, including hepatitis C, cytomegalovirus, scabies, and pubic lice.